Gabriel condorcanqui tupac amaru ii biography

Between and Condorcanqui went into litigation with the Betancur family over the right of succession of the Marquisate of Oropesa and lost the case. Amaru II inherited the caciqueship , or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his older brother, governing on behalf of the Spanish governor. At the end of the s, the trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru ended with the commercial monopoly of Lima, which caused greater competition for the manufacturers of Cuzco.

On the other hand, the widespread overproduction throughout the Andes pushed prices down. Furthermore, in the years and , extremely cold weather damaged crops and made travel difficult. In , Amaru, who also experienced this crisis, had considerable resources but also numerous debts.

Gabriel condorcanqui tupac amaru ii biography

He also witnessed the economic discomforts the others were going through, from merchants who were on the brink of bankruptcy to communities that could not afford the growing tribute. Condorcanqui lived the typical situation of the kurakas tribal chiefs : he had to mediate between the local commander and the indigenous people in his charge.

However, he was affected, like the rest of the population, due to the establishment of customs and the rise of the alcabalas taxes. He voiced his objection against these issues. He also demanded that the indigenous people be freed from compulsory work in the mines. Although the Spanish trusteeship labor system, or encomienda , had been abolished in , a seventh of the population living in native communities pueblos de indios as well as permanent indigenous workers at the time living in the Andean region of what is now Ecuador and Bolivia, who made up nine tenths of the population, were still pushed into forced labor for what were legally labeled as public work projects.

What little wage that was acquired by workers was heavily taxed and cemented Native American indebtedness to Spanish masters. The Roman Catholic Church also had a hand in extorting these natives through collections for saints, masses for the dead, domestic and parochial work on certain days, forced gifts, etc. In addition, the middle of the 18th century mining production intensified, putting more and more of a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.

Condorcanqui's interest in the Native American cause had been spurred by the re-reading of one of the Royal Commentaries of the Incas , a romantic and heroic account of the history and culture of the ancient Incas. The book was outlawed at the time by the Lima viceroy for fear of it inspiring renewed interest in the lost Inca culture and inciting rebellion.

After many of his requests for the alleviation of the native conditions fell on deaf ears, Condorcanqui decided to organize a rebellion. He began to stall on collecting reparto debts and tribute payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death. The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Inca revival movement that sought to improve the rights of indigenous Peruvians suffering under the Spanish Bourbon Reforms.

The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter half of the 18th century. The immediate cause of the rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial administration implemented by the Bourbon monarchy in Spain under Charles III —88 , centralising administrative and economic control and placing heavier tax and labour burdens on both the Indian and Creole populations.

Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. At one level, it expressed simply a demand on the Spanish authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of colonial rule, often speaking in the name of the king himself, for example. At another, it envisioned an overthrow of European rule, and something like a restoration of the pre-conquest Inca empire, the Tahuantinsuyo.

Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the legitimate descendant of the Inca suggested the possibility of an aristocratic state similar to the one envisioned in the sixteenth century by the mestizo writer, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as sharing rule with the Spanish aristocracy. But there were also strong millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in the rebellion.

In the main, the soldiers of the Tupamarista armies were poor Indian peasants, artisans and women, who saw the rebellion not so much as a question of reforms or power sharing but as an opportunity to 'turn the world upside down'. The restoration of the Inca Empire meant for them the possibility of an egalitarian society, based economically on the Inca communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas racial divisions , rich and poor, or forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the dreaded textile mills.

When Arriaga left the party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his allies captured him and forced him to write letters to a large number of Spaniards and kurakas. When about of them gathered within the next few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4, natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders from the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing his master.

Arriaga then ran for his life to try to reach a nearby church, but was not quick enough to escape, and was successfully hanged on the second attempt. After the execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Releasing his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there have been repeated outcries directed to me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding provinces, outcries against the abuses committed by European-born crown officials Justified outcries that have produced no remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants of the Spanish provinces.

He went on in the same proclamation to state, "I have acted I must now prepare for the consequences of these actions. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels occupied the provinces of Quispicanchis , Tinta , Cotabambas , Calca , and Chumbivilcas. The rebels looted the Spaniards' houses and killed their occupants. She is also often credited to being more daring and a superior strategist, compared to Tupaq Amaru II.

It is told that she scolded her husband for his weakness and refusal to set up a surprise attack against the Spaniards in Cusco to catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of listening to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time by encircling the country in hopes that he could gather more recruits for his army. So, by the time the insurgents had attacked the city, the Spaniards had already brought in reinforcements and were able to control and stop the uprising.

During a stage of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to convince the Quechua speakers to join him. Therefore, under his command, the Quechua speakers fought alongside him with Aymara-speaking rebels from Puno on Lake Titicaca and on the Bolivian side of the lake. His partner and female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture and lead an astonishing number of 2, soldiers for several months.

Soon after that in early , the Spanish military defeated the rebels in Peru and Bolivia. According to modern sources, out of the 73 leaders, 32 were women, who were all executed privately. On November 18, , Cusco dispatched over 1, Spanish and Native loyalist troops. It was an absolute victory for Amaru II and his Native rebels; all Spanish soldiers were killed and the rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies.

The victory however, also came with a price. The battle revealed that Amaru II was unable to fully control his rebel followers, as they viciously slaughtered without direct orders. Reports of such violence and the rebels' insistence on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for support by the Criollo class. The gravest defeat came in Amaru II's failure to capture Cuzco, where his 40, — 60, indigenous followers were repelled by the fortified town consisting of a combined force of loyalist Native troops and reinforcements from Lima.

You as oppressor, I as liberator, deserve to die. Amaru II was sentenced to be executed. On May 18, , they were taken to the Plaza de Armas in Cuzco to be executed one by one. In front of her husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued her and cut off her tongue. Her thin neck could not reach the winch, so they threw ties around her neck that pulled it from side to side to strangle her.

They hit her with a club and finally killed her with kicks in the stomach and breasts. The following is an extract from the official judicial death issued by the Spanish authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and death. It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned to have his tongue cut out after watching the executions of his family and to have his hands and feet tied: [ 31 ].

The torso will then be taken to the hill overlooking the city Tupac Amaru's head will be sent to Tinta to be displayed for three days in the place of public execution and then placed upon a pike at the principal entrance to the city. One of his arms will be sent to Tungasuca, where he was the cacique, and the other arm to the capital province of Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations.

His legs will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively. Nobles were not required to serve in the mandatory labor force or pay the exorbitant taxes required of commoners. He attempted first to go through legal channels, using his status as a local cacique. Condorcanqui demanded an end to the forced labor and oppression of the indigenous peoples.

Despite his efforts, he was ignored by the Spaniards in power. His purpose in doing this was two-fold. Arriaga was a man of noble Spanish lineage. He had become infamous in Tinta for recruiting native laborers for the Potosi mines. As the story goes, Arriaga left the party late at night and possibly quite drunk. Although he tried to evade capture, Arriaga was seized and imprisoned.

In captivity, Arriaga was forced to write a series of letters to local Spanish officials inviting them to Tinta. On Friday, November 10th, surrounded by a crowd of natives and Spaniards who had come by his own invitation, Arriaga was executed by hanging. He traveled to various villages and declared the mita over and all taxes abolished, gaining support and recruiting revolutionaries.

Their subsequent victory was in capturing the villages of Punapuquio and Pumacanchi, where they were able to acquire muskets to arm most of their forces. His rebellion represented the revival of the Inca empire , something most indigenous groups naturally identified with. He tried twice to capture the capital city of Cuzco—and was twice unsuccessful.

He retreated to his home in Tinta to regroup and rethink his strategy. Little did he know his opponents were bringing the battle to him. They were arrested, along with their family and sentenced to death. He was forced to witness the execution of a number of his family including his wife and one of their sons. His tongue was cut out and his arms and legs tied to four horses which all pulled in opposite directions.

When this failed to separate his limbs from his body, he was beheaded. The heads and limbs of the dead were displayed in various places as a warning to others. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the uprising helped to inspire a wave of rebellions against colonial rule. Use our Education activities to investigate this object and the theme of further.

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