Harkhuf autobiography of mark

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For information about this particular file, check out its JSON file. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. Tomb inscription from ancient Egypt. Tomb inscription [ edit ]. Above the entrance Eight lines [ edit ]. Right side of entrance Fourteen lines [ edit ]. Left side of entrance Ten lines [ edit ]. On the far right Twenty-six lines [ edit ].

References [ edit ]. The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN OCLC The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved Countless are the algorithms for the Figure Point cloud was transformed in surface through the meshing technique. The final model contained only 3 million of triangles. The virtual scan of the numerical model In order to read the information about the condition of the inscriptions, it has been decided to create maps useful to the investigation and analysis.

Point clouds carried out from digital photogrammetry are unstructured point clouds. It means that the information is not organized according to a regular grid. Normally image-based data presents only information about the spatial coordinates and the RGB value. It was important to add extra information to the numerical model. In the processing step a new procedure was tested in order to transform unstructured point clouds in structured point clouds.

How is it possible to change the structure of numerical data? Data were processed with a specific software JRC Reconstructor in order to change the structure of point clouds. The aim was to give the same characteristics of a laser scanner data to the photogrammetric data. This tool allows to make a virtual scan of an object in the virtual space.

Once an orthographic camera that includes the numerical model unstructured is established, it is possible to acquire the whole point cloud at a specific resolution, such as a laser scanner. At the same time it is possible to create a spherical or cylindrical camera in any position, simulating the same movement of a panorama scanner.

Although the resolution of the results depends also on the graphic card mounted, it is possible to create a new structured 3D numerical model of the subject with the same characteristics of a point cloud taken with a laser scanner. For the inscription an orthographic camera was created at a resolution grid of 4. Subsequently a new 3D structured numerical model composed by 16 million points was carried out.

The new structured model contained fewer points than the original one but the main advantage consisted in the possibility to apply the pre-processing algorithms to photogrammetric data. It was possible to remove the noise and add some useful information such as the normal, the depth and orientation discontinuities. This information has been used to generate different outputs such as Digital Elevation Model DEM , normal maps and other elaborations useful for the final results Figure Figure Example of a normal map of a part of an inscription.

On the map it is possible to evidence the difference between casual signs and engravings. The general idea consisted in experimenting different solutions able to solve the dichotomy between innovative acquisitions and graphic representations. Usually bi-dimensional representations of the inscriptions are based on direct survey, supported by a photographic restitution on a specific plane.

Unfortunately this kind of representation does not characterize correctly signs and shape of the engravings. The signs are drawn through an interpretation from the rectified image Figure Aim of the project was to find a form of representation suitable for the epigraphic signs. A system derived from cartography and above all in the sculpture has been experimented.

The approach is based on the representation of the contour lines.

Harkhuf autobiography of mark

Contour lines represent free shape of an object beyond contour outlines and edges of the engravings [15]. The equidistance of the contour lines depends on the representation scale of the graphic restitution. In theory an equidistance every 1 mm would be enough but in this case a defined restitution of the inscription was necessary.

It was decided to use the numerical model mesh to generate the sections. Sections were set each 0. The generation of the sections depends on the quality of the numerical model and also from the main plane chosen from the user. It was necessary to establish a reference plane where the information about the sections are projected. The results evidenced the differences between the old drawings and the new approach.

The signs are well defined by the lines and simultaneously the shape and the curvature of the stone material are described Figure Hieroglyphics drawn with manual recognition of the signs and a conceivable support of a rectified image. In this region the total rainfall amount per year is about 1 mm, and heavy precipitation is a very rare event occurring once every 1 or 2 years, often resulting in flash flood.

These rare, but heavy rainfall episodes have important, and sometimes catastrophic impacts, due to the high intensity and short duration, on population, buildings, infrastructures, ecosystems [17], including wadis discharge [18], and cultural heritage. The meteorological factors affecting the tomb of Harkhuf at Qubbet el-Hawa are air temperature, its diurnal excursion, and wind, and, to some extent, relative humidity.

This resulted in a better status of conservation of the lower part in comparison with the upper, which is still clearly visible. The experiment, designed using portable meteorological instruments, allowed to define if the microclimate around the Harkhuf Tomb has the same characteristics of the larger Aswan area, which can be derived by the meteorological station located at the Aswan airport, and to determine the microclimate inside the tomb.

In the interior, during the day, the temperature excursion is much more moderate, although the excursion curve is very well correlated with the air temperature outside the tomb. In addition, some measurements of wind intensity and direction Figure The same part drawn with the contour line method. The equidistance was set to 0. This adaptation allowed to represent adequately the inscriptions.

The paper is also the result of the collaboration between the authors. In particular Giuseppina Capriotti Vittozzi developed the paragraph Introduction to the project, Andrea Angelini The acquisition step of the inscriptions, The processing step and The representation of the data, Marina Baldi The influence of the climate. Diurnal variation of temperature and relative humidity top panel and of wind speed bottom panel.

Relative humidity of the air outside the tomb does not represent a big concern during the day, however it is important in the interior where it can reach larger values and maintain a risky level during night-time which can favour the formation of mold on the ceiling. During the day evaporation from the surface of the Nile river is considerable and can increase the air humidity in the lower layer of the atmosphere, the boundary layer.

This humid air penetrates into the tomb and remains trapped and starts to condensate and deposit on the internal walls and ceiling increasing the risk of mold formation. In this respect the methodology described in the previous paragraphs represents a great tool to this purpose. The research evidenced some important information about the characteristics of the letter the support, the signs, the degradation.

The experimentation has given the possibility to investigate the documentation of the tomb from different points of view, testing different elaborations that can evidence new information. This application was very interesting and other experimentation will be made in the future. QH - QH Seyfried und Gerd Vieler. Bandzaehlung Abt. Remondino, S.