Muhammad ayyub khan biography channel

After a long illness, he breathed his last on 19 th April As far as his family background is concerned, he belonged to the Tareen tribe of Pakhtoon ethnicity. His father was a Risaldar-Major in the British Army. After completing his primary education, Ayub Khan got enrolled in the Aligarh Muslim University but left his studies incomplete and was accepted in the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

On behalf of his extraordinary performance in the Sandhurst Academy, he was inducted as a commissioned officer in in the British India army. He served the military on various fronts i. When the partition plan was declared, Ayub Khan was one of those senior Muslim officers who opted for Pakistan. He was among the ten most senior officers of Pakistan.

He was not appointed the C-in-C on behalf of his seniority rather on the perception that he was an apolitical military officer. Later events proved that perception to be wrong. During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist anti-Indian and anti-American binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States.

When Ayub authorized Operation Gibraltar , the fomenting of a Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I hope you realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line. In that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister Muhammad Shoaib that India would not attack Pakistan due to Kashmir being a disputed territory , and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir , at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory.

The Air Headquarters began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation. About the war's contingency plans, Air Marshal Nur Khan briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces. Afghanistan: Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan.

In the s, partly due to the complicated bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the Durand Line dispute, Ayub Khan along with the Royal family of Afghanistan under King Zahir Shah proposed the Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan to merge Afghanistan with Pakistan under a single confederation. In , President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce presidential elections in Military Intelligence actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the Intelligence Bureau taped politicians' telephone conversations.

It was reported that the elections were widely rigged by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80, Basic Democrats. The controversial victory over Fatima Jinnah in the presidential election and the outcome of the war with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency.

Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto believed the Tashkent Declaration was a "political surrender" which turned a military victory into defeat. In Karachi , public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the elections and his policies were widely disapproved. In , Bhutto formed the Pakistan People's Party PPP and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies.

Bhutto was arrested for these activities. Labour unions called for strikes against Ayub Khan's administration, and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country's middle class by the end of When Ayub Khan was confronted with the Six point movement led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worse for Ayub's administration.

In , he survived an assassination attempt while visiting Dacca and was visibly shaken afterwards, according to close aides; though this was not reported in the press of the day. In , Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a " Round Table Conference " where he held talks with all major opposition parties.

At one point, Home and Defence Minister Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the mob rule and that police were not strong enough to tackle the situation. The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up.

Disapproval of Ayub Khan was widely expressed by chanted slogans and insults referring to him. Elements in the military began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era. On 25 March , President Ayub Khan, after consulting Advocate Raja Muhammad Qalib Ali Khan the last person to meet the president before resignation resigned from office and invited commander-in-chief of the army General Yahya Khan to take over control of the country.

Asghar Khan and Khyber Khan were considered among the likely successors to President Ayub Khan during the collapse of his regime. Khyber was described as "a young, energetic, and popular air force officer in his early forties - who happens to look very much like a younger Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan did not comment on the Bangladesh Liberation War in He died of a heart attack on 19 April at his villa near Islamabad at age Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led military alliance against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan develop its strong economic background and its long-term political and strategic relations with the United States.

After , he became extremely concerned about the arrogance and bossiness of the US over the direction of Pakistan's foreign policy when the US publicly criticized Pakistan for building ties with China and the Soviet Union ; he authored a book over this issue known as Friends not Masters. Ayub Khan began his diary in September , and ended his recordings in October due to his failing health.

The diary covers events such as his resignation from office, the assumption of power by Yahya Khan , the independence of Bangladesh, and the replacement of Yahya by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. After his death in , the diary was not released to the public for thirty years due to opinions which would have been detrimental to the reputation of powerful individuals at the time.

The federal capital was relocated under the Ayub administration from the port city of Karachi to the new and carefully planned city of Islamabad in the mountains in Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams, and thermal and hydroelectric power stations. He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development and spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits.

In , his administration celebrated the so-called "Decade of Development" when the mass protests erupted all over the country due to an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor. He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. After , the corruption in government , nepotism , and suppression of free speech , thought , and press increased unrest and turmoil in the country against the Ayub administration.

In , the nephew of the Quaid-i-Azam , Akbar Pirbhai, re-ignited the controversy by suggesting that Fatima Jinnah 's death in was an assassination by the Ayub Khan establishment. The civil administration's failure to stop the rally led to fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals being killed. His peace with India was considered by many Pakistanis an embarrassing compromise.

Gohar Ayub Khan also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law, retired Lieutenant General Habibullah Khan Khattak. All these criticisms harmed President Ayub Khan's image. He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan.

Whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan, he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized East Pakistan province continued to feel it was being slighted. During his presidency, differences between West and East Pakistan arose to an enormous degree, that ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh following the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Historian Yasmin Saikia argues that the Islamization that is often blamed on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq has its roots in the policies of Ayub Khan, who injected a "jihadi" rhetoric into the Pakistan Army, his re-writing of Pakistan's history from a purely Islamic viewpoint and his categorization of Bengali Muslims as being too influenced by Hinduism.

On 13 May , Minister of Defence Khawaja Asif delivered a speech on the floor of the National Assembly of Pakistan in which he stated that Ayub was the first dictator who violated the Constitution of Pakistan and overthrew a democratically elected government; hence, Ayub was the root cause of all the confusion and chaos which ensued. After his death, his descendants became active in national politics in the s until the present; however, these family members have been controversial.

His son Gohar was an active member of the conservative PML N and was the Foreign Minister in the Sharif ministry in the s but was removed due to his controversial and unauthorized statements about India. His son Shaukat was a successful businessman and had four children: three sons and one daughter. All three sons went into business and politics, with Akbar , Arshad , and Yousaf Ayub Khan becoming successful members of the provincial and national assemblies.

His grandson, Omar , served in the Aziz ministry as a Finance Minister in the s but joined the PML N in ; he was declared ineligible for the general election after allegations of vote rigging were proved. In , he joined PTI. Another grandson, Yousaf , who is a party worker of the PTI , was also declared ineligible for submitting fake documents to the Election Commission.

Among the books Ayub Khan authored or which were based on his speeches, talks and other output, are: [ ]. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.

Muhammad ayyub khan biography channel

Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. President of Pakistan from to For other people named Ayub Khan, see Ayub Khan disambiguation. Field Marshal. Khan in West Germany in Suhrawardy I. Chundrigar Feroz Khan Noon. See list. Yusuf Khan —53 Maj. Mian Hayaud Din —55 Maj.

Sher Ali Khan Pataudi —57 Maj. Yahya Khan — This article is part of a series about. Early life and education [ edit ]. Military service [ edit ]. British India [ edit ]. Early career in Pakistan [ edit ]. Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army [ edit ]. Cabinet and Defence Minister [ edit ]. Presidency — [ edit ]. Main article: Pakistani military coup.

Constitutional and legal reforms [ edit ]. Further information: Constitution of Pakistan of Economy, infrastructure, and public service [ edit ]. Defence spending [ edit ]. Foreign policy [ edit ]. India: joint defence and war [ edit ]. Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of See also: Operation Gibraltar. Main article: Pakistani presidential election.

Main article: East Pakistan uprising. Death and legacy [ edit ]. Last years [ edit ]. Diary [ edit ]. Development projects [ edit ]. Modernization of agriculture and industrialization [ edit ]. Global policy [ edit ]. Criticisms [ edit ]. Despotism, nepotism and corruption [ edit ]. Mishandling of East Pakistan [ edit ]. Islamization [ edit ].

Weakening of constitutional government [ edit ]. Family [ edit ]. Awards and decorations [ edit ]. Foreign Decorations [ edit ]. Honours [ edit ]. National honours [ edit ]. Foreign honours [ edit ]. Books [ edit ]. Authored [ edit ]. Edited by others [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour.

The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. The press communique added that by a peaceful revolution last year the President had not only defended the territorial integrity of Pakistan but had also saved the very existence of the nation. References [ edit ]. Ayub retired, apparently taking no further part in politics.

Aside from the much-publicized business activities of his sons, Ayub shielded his private life from the public. Following Moslem social custom, only the most casual reference is made to his marriage in his autobiography. Ayub died at his home near Islamabad on April 19, Friends, Not Masters: A Political Autobiography gives Ayub's own version of his career; he emerges as a strong-minded but modest man.

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History Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Mohammed Ayub Khan. Mohammed Ayub Khan gale. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. More From encyclopedia. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Mohammad Najibullah. Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Mohamed ben Abd el-Krim el-Khatabi. Mohamed Allal al-Fassi. Moh's Surgery. Mogulesko, Sigmund.

He was named minister of Defense in , position that made compatible with the position of commander-in-chief of the Army. The coup came after several years of political unrest, which had led the country to a deep economic and social crisis. When the president abolished the Constitution and declared martial law, Ayub Khan was appointed chief administrator of martial law, and soon afterwards proclaimed himself President of the Republic, when assuming the position the 27 of October of , forced Mirza to exile itself.

His first policy measures were aimed at ending the corruption that engulfed the Pakistani administration. After prohibiting the activity of the political parties, it carried out a deep reorganization of the administration. At the same time, it launched a series of moderate social reforms. He tried to restore the economy through agrarian reforms and to stimulate industry and favor foreign investment.

In order to achieve a nexus of union between the government and the people, Ayub Khan introduced in a system of directed democracy, which consisted in the creation of a network of local councils of self-government charged with governing local affairs. Its members were elected by polling stations made up of or 1, adult men.