Nazek al malaika biography of mahatma

Moreover, her exceptional linguistic and poetic gifts and voracious reading, coupled with access to Western languages and traditions, allowed her to make a monumental contribution as a poet and critic. Her exposure to and readings of English poetry inspired her to experiment with the Arabic meters and to liberate the Arabic poem from the shackles of mono-rhyme and fixed meters.

Having an intimate knowledge of Arabic meters and prosody, al-Mala'ika reconfigured the form of the Arabic poem in an entirely new way. The traditional classical poem had a fixed form using a fixed number of feet from one meter in a every line. Each line was equally divided into two hemistiches and maintained the same rhyme throughout the poem. Al-Mala'ika broke the unity and uniformity of the poetic line by writing lines of various length, including different numbers of feet and using poly-rhyme.

This was a radical break with a tradition that predominated for centuries.

Nazek al malaika biography of mahatma

However, al-Mala'ika was against doing away altogether with both rhyme and meter, as is the case in what came to be known as the prose poem—the form that has now become the most popular and pervasive. He worked as a teacher first, then a civil servant and journalist. Al-Sayyab was first drawn to communism and then leaned more toward Arab nationalism.

His political activism led to arrests and self-imposed exile. He suffered a degenerative disease toward the end of his life and died at a hospital in Kuwait in He was greatly influenced by the English poets and later by T. His later, more mature poetry incorporated Mesopotamian mythology. Similar to al-Mala'ika, al-Sayyab, around the same time, experimented with metrical feet and with new rhyme patterns, contributing to what came to be known as free verse.

There is a consensus that al-Mala'ika was a pioneering figure in the history of modern Arabic poetry. Her name and her contributions appear in every major study of modern Arabic poetry. Tens of dissertations have been written about her poetry and criticism, and a number of her poems and essays have appeared in translation. Although there are hundreds of works on her career in Arabic, a volume in English or another European language has yet to appear.

Nevertheless, it seems that she has secured her position in the history of Arabic literature as one of the architects of its modernity. The main critique that has been raised in retrospect is that al-Mala'ika's approach focused solely on form to the detriment of the content or the poetic vision, both of which are considered equally important to construct a truly modern and radical poetics.

Al-Mala'ika is considered by the great majority of critics and scholars to be one of the most important Arab poets and critics in the second half of the twentieth century. She was one of the first few, if not the first poet, to break away from the traditional form of the two-hemistich monorhyme and write in a new form that came to dominate the Arab literary scene until it was eclipsed by the prose poem, which abandons both meter and rhyme.

The predominantly romantic themes of her poetry might have lost some of their appeal with time, but her foundational role in establishing a new poetic form is still preserved half a century after her debut. Her work as a literary critic defined the parameters of this new form of poetry and helped to launch and institutionalize it, as well as enrich the debates and the vocabulary around it.

Arabic Poetry: Trajectories of Modernity and Tradition. London: Routledge, Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, Moreh, Shmuel. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. January 10, Retrieved January 10, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.

Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. International Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Mala'ika, Nazik al- — Mala'ika, Nazik al- — gale. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. More From encyclopedia.

About this article Mala'ika, Nazik al- — Updated About encyclopedia. Mala in Se. Mala Fides. Makuzynski, Witold. Makuck, Peter Maktum, Muhammad Bin Rashid al- —. Maktum Family, al-. Maktab Al-Siyasi. She was appointed as professor at the University of Baghdad, the University of Basrah, and Kuwait University respectively. She lived in Kuwait until Saddam Hussein's invasion in Al-Malaika and her family left for Cairo, where she lived for the rest of her life.

Naziks poetry primly illustrated the issues of common folks. Towards the end of her life, Al-Malaika suffered from a number of health issues, including Parkinson's disease. She died in Cairo in at the age of Mohammed Raysul Hoque. Copy Download. Arab Lang Lit Cult. Science Publishing Group SciencePG is an Open Access publisher, with more than online, peer-reviewed journals covering a wide range of academic disciplines.

Materials Science. Books Publish Conference Abstract Books. Upcoming Conference Abstract Books. Published Conference Abstract Books. Publish Your Books. Upcoming Books. Published Books. Five Types of Conference Publications. Join as Editorial Board Member. Nepali [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. Retrieved Saqi published ISBN Translated by Pokhrel, Suman First ed.

Kathmandu: Shikha Books. Bibliography [ edit ]. External links [ edit ]. Lists of poets. Poetry portal. Authority control databases.